Aphoristiker und andere Vertreter kleiner Formen des Denkens lieben Spinoza. Dies ist eine Merkwürdigkeit, denn gerade die Aphoristiker, die das Antisystematische propagieren, den blitzartigen, schlagenden Einfall vor der konsequenten Entwicklung eines Gedankens favorisieren, sollten doch eigentlich mit dem zusammenhängenden, systematischen und konsequenten Denken more geometrico Spinozas wenig bis gar nichts anzufangen wissen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Spinozarezeption ausgewählter Aphoristiker und analysiert das hier zum Ausdruck kommende Verhältnis von Aphorismus bzw. kleiner Form und System. Die Art und Weise, wie sich (...) aphoristisch bzw. in kleinen Formen operierende Autoren mit Spinoza befassen, wirft ein signifikantes Licht auf ihre Aphoristik selbst. Wer über eine Theorie der kleinen Form nachdenkt, ist gut beraten, sich um das Spinoza-Bild der Aphoristiker zu bemühen. Untersuchte Autoren sind Rudolf Kassner, Lichtenberg, Friedrich Schlegel, Novalis, Hebbel, Nietzsche, Peter Altenberg, Ludwig Hohl, Canetti, Peter Handke und Joseph Maurer. (shrink)

The idea that Heidegger's thinking is essentially anti-sociological is very widespread and seems to be commonly accepted. Nevertheless, a closer examination of Heidegger's reading of Aristotle, particularly in his early Freiburg and Marburg lectures, provides a quite different picture. In his attempt to overcome the shortcomings of Husserl's phenomenology, by studying Aristotle Heidegger makes an important discovery. Being sociological is an existential feature of human being. Here, the lecture of the summer term 1924, Grundbegriffe der aristotelischen Philosophie (Fundamental concepts of (...) Aristotelian Philosophy), which mainly deals with Aristotle's Rhetoric, is of special importance. In analyzing the phenomenon of speaking within the polis as some kind of apophantic language, Heidegger hits upon the fact that the political is grounded in social communication. The idea of human being as existing within a context of communication developed in this lecture is an important starting point of Heidegger's later philosophy of language. (shrink)

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG›Reinheit‹ ist ein Grundbegriff der Religionswissenschaft. Kaum eine Religion kommt ohne ein Konzept von Reinheit aus. Lange Zeit hindurch war dieser Begriff auch in der Philosophie angesehen, bis Johann Georg Hamann das bekannteste Buch, welches Reinheit im Titel führt, nämlich die Kritik der reinen Vernunft Immanuel Kants, einer Metakritik unterzog. In seiner Metakritik führt Hamann den Nachweis, dass eine sich mit Emphase auf die Reinheit des Denkens berufende Philosophie sich wie eine Religion mit entsprechendem normativem Anspruch verhält. Gegen die kritische (...) Philosophie Kants setzt Hamann ein bewusst unreines, auf Sinnlichkeit, Leidenschaft und Geschichte basierendes Denken, welches sich im Gegensatz zum sich selbst sterilisierenden reinen Denken als fruchtbar und zukunftsfähig erweist. So mobilisiert er die Würde des Schmutzes gegen die kryptoreligiöse Selbstkorrumpierung der Vernunft.SUMMARY‘Purity’ is a key term of religious studies. Very few religions get along without some concept of purity. For a long time this concept had some reputation in philosophy as well until Johann Georg Hamann launched his meta-critique against the most famous book with contains purity in its title: Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. In his critique Hamann shows that philosophical thinking which emphatically insists on purity behaves like a religion with a strong normative attitude. Hamann opposes Kant's critical philosophy with a deliberately impure thinking, which is based upon senses, emotion and history. In contrast to the self-sterilizing pure thinking, this way of philosophizing proves to be fertile and future-compliant. In this way he mobilizes the dignity of filth against the crypto-religious self-corruption of reason. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie Jahrgang: 59 Heft: 1 Seiten: 54-79.

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Studien zum Denken Johann Georg Hamanns, die ich seit 2004 angefertigt habe. Ein wesentlicher Auslöser für mein Interesse an diesem im Wortsinne merkwürdigen Autor waren die HamannSeminare meines philosophischen Lehrers Jürgen Frese vom Wintersemester 2001/2002 und Sommersemester 2002 in der Abteilung für Philosophie an der Universität Bielefeld. Mit der Hamann-Forschung kam ich durch einen im Rahmen dieses Seminars durchgeführten Besuch auf dem achten internationalen Hamann-Kolloquium die Gegenwärtigkeit Johann Georg Hamanns 2002 in Halle-Wittenberg in Kontakt. Die hier (...) und auf den folgenden Kolloquien vorherrschende interdisziplinäre Atmosphäre ist mir in meiner Hamann-Beschäftigung wegweisend geworden.--Vorwort. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDie philosophische Frage 〉Was ist Wahrheit?〈 beantwortet Johann Georg Hamann mit einer Phänomenologie des philosophischen Begriffs. Philosophische Begriffsbestimmungen bleiben ihm unbefriedigend und abstrakt, denn der philosophische Begriff als sprachliche Handlung ist nicht definierbar, sondern vielmehr Anzeige eines Geschehens, in dem der Mensch sich etwas sagen lässt. Die Antwort auf die Frage nach der Wahrheit ist die Ankunft des den Einzelnen erschließenden Wortes. Ausgehend von dieser ontologisch-soziologischen Basis wendet sich Hamann gegen den Ideenhimmel der selbstgenügsamen reinen Vernunft im Philosophieren und beschreibt (...) das Wahrheitsgeschehen als einen dynamischen Prozess aus sprachlicher Geologie, erfahrener Ästhetik und tradiertem Formular.Für diese dynamische Wahrheitskonzeption betont Hamann in seiner Geologie die Gebundenheit des Menschen an das Konkrete als Feld seines Wirkens, in dessen Fruchtbarkeit sich sein Tun bewährt, in seiner Ästhetik die sinnliche Wahrnehmung Gottes als Grundlage der menschlichen Existenz und die Bewahrung des menschlichen Lebens im biblischen Text in seinem Formularismus. Ein solches triadisches Wahrheitsgeschehen ist in konkreter Individualität Dichtung des göttlichen Autors.SummaryJohann Georg Hamann responds to the philosophical question ‘What is truth?’ with a phenomenology of philosophical concepts. For him, philosophical definitions remain abstract and insufficient because philosophical concepts as speech-acts are not definable but indications of events where man allows that something is said to him. The answer to the question of truth is the arrival of the Word which reveals the individual. Starting from this ontological and sociological assumption Hamann rejects the realm of self-sufficient reason in philosophizing and describes a dynamic process of truth consisting of linguistic geology, experienced aesthetics and traditional formula instead. His geology therefore emphasizes the confinement of man to concrete things as the field of his work, whose fertility proves his actions. His aesthetics stresses the sensual perception of God as the basis of human existence and his use of formula the safekeeping of human life in biblical texts. This threefold event of truth is in its concrete individuality poetry of God as author. (shrink)

Zwei Anlässe bilden den Ausgangspunkt für diesen Sammelband. Anlässlich des 100. Todestags von Hermann Cohen fand im Oktober 2018 in Dortmund ein Symposium statt, das hier dokumentiert wird. Im Mittelpunkt standen hierbei die Fragen nach Cohens Bedeutung für die Philosophiegeschichte bis in die Gegenwart sowie nach der bleibenden Relevanz seines Religionsbegriffs. Zudem wird Dieter Adelmanns grundlegende Studie zum Herkommen des Begriffs „erzeugen“ in Cohens Logik der reinen Erkenntnis aus der Synthese von früher Wissenschaft des Judentums und der Humboldtschen Sprachphilosophie im (...) Werk H. Steinthals erstmals einer breiten Öffentlichkeit vorgelegt. Adelmann zeigt insbesondere die Bedeutung von M. Joel, Michael Sachs und Steinthal für das religiös geprägte Denken des Marburger Neukantianers und Erkenntnistheoretikers Cohen auf. Brigitte Falkenburg zeigt, dass jenseits von Cohens Erkenntnistheorie seine eigentliche Bedeutung im philosophischen Konstruktivismus zu finden ist. Knut Martin Stünkel wendet sich Cohens unterschätzter Religionsschrift Der Begriff der Religion im System der Philosophie von 1915 zu und entwickelt eine Religionstopologie, mit deren Hilfe eine metasprachliche Ebene der Religionsforschung ermöglicht wird. (shrink)

Alasdair MacIntyre criticises the ethics of modernity as fallacious, and wants it replaced by Aristotelian virtue ethics. He is particularly critical concerning modernity’s non-contextual understanding of reason, and wants to renew the ethical significance of concepts like tradition and context.

Summary Plato and Aristotle understood phenomena to be knowable to the extent that they participate in the reality of the unchangeable, and this attitude was appropriated by the church fathers as a way of exploring the world’s dependence on its Creator. Luther’s insistence on the world’s sinfulness and on salvation as one-sidedly dependent on divine agency has been criticized as a rejection of this understanding of the inherent goodness of the world, thus paving the way for the secularized world view (...) of modernity. Among these critics is Erich Przywara in his works up to and including his book Analogia Entis from 1932. However, in 1952 Przywara published an article where he found Luther’s theology of exchange to be a close parallel to his own doctrine of analogia entis, the implication being that Luther is closer to a Catholic understanding of the world’s relationship with God than mainstream post-Enlightenment Protestantism, and this article is an attempt to substantiate that claim. (shrink)

This devastating polemical critique of the existentialist philosophy of Martin Heidegger is a monumental study in Adorno's effort to apply qualitative analysis to the content and impact of cultural phenomena.

Dag Svanæs is involved in the Norwegian public debate on how to handle the Corona pandemic. During the last year, he has written articles, participated in many debates and given lectures on the pandemic. He is the initiator of the website Coronakritikk.no, where they document the debate and present scientific knowledge about the pandemic. Svanæs is a professor at the Department of Computer Technology and Informatics at NTNU and studies the interaction between humans and technology. Svanæs received his Ph.D. in (...) Human-Computer Interaction from NTNU. His research over the last 15 years has been in the fields of HCI and Interaction Design. He has built up a full-scale usability laboratory that allows for simulation of use scenarios with multiple users and multiple devices in realistic settings – primarily for the medical domain. This allows for evaluations and empirical studies of embodied interaction. The basic theory that most inspires his work is the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger. This was also the topic of his 2000 PhD. This shows Svanæs’ interest in technology, philosophy, health and the ability to have knowledge to predict what could happen in the future. (shrink)

Martin Davies; II*—Perceptual Content and Local Supervenience, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 92, Issue 1, 1 June 1992, Pages 21–46, https://do.

And, as The Promise of Salvation makes clear through abundant empirical evidence, religion will not disappear as long as these promises continue to help people ...

We give sound and complete tableau and sequent calculi for the prepositional normal modal logics S4.04, K4B and G 0(these logics are the smallest normal modal logics containing K and the schemata A A, A A and A ( A); A A and AA; A A and ((A A) A) A resp.) with the following properties: the calculi for S4.04 and G 0are cut-free and have the interpolation property, the calculus for K4B contains a restricted version of the cut-rule, the (...) so-called analytical cut-rule.In addition we show that G 0is not compact (and therefore not canonical), and we proof with the tableau-method that G 0is characterised by the class of all finite, (transitive) trees of degenerate or simple clusters of worlds; therefore G 0is decidable and also characterised by the class of all frames for G 0. (shrink)

Martin Bunzl’s book was published in Routledge’s Philosophical Issues in Science series. It concerns the twin issues of objectivity and realism in the writing of history.

THE KEYNESIAN REVOLUTION AND ITS CRITICS: ISSUES OF THEORY AND POLICY FOR THE MONETARY PRODUCTION ECONOMY by Gordon A. Fletcher New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. 348pp., $35.00 A commonplace of the history of economic thought, repeated by Fletcher, holds that Keynes was the first economist of the 1930s to reject Say's Law of Markets. It is argued that Fletcher ignores many of Keynes's contemporaries, especially those influenced by Knut Wicksell, who disagreed with Say but who used a (...) framework for monetary analysis that was sounder in all respects than that of Keynes's General Theory. (shrink)

Daniel Taylor and Dawn Goodwin present a case study of the Morecambe Bay Inquiry (MBI), which examined the high rate of maternal and neonatal deaths over a period of 9 years (2004–2013), within the small maternity unit of Furness General Hospital (FGH), one of the three hospitals comprising Morecambe Bay Hospitals Trust.1 They examine this through a conceptual lens, and provide a solution involving changes in medical education. This commentary explores both these elements. First, they use the lens of ‘Normalisation (...) of Deviance’ (NoD) to explain organisational failure. However, other available lenses such as ‘Sociology of Disasters’, ‘Organisational Silence’ and ‘Comfort-seeking Behaviour’ may point to different problems and solutions. More justification for their choice of the lens of NoD would have been useful. Similarly, more justification for their focus on a cluster of five ‘serious untoward incidents’ (SUIs) occurring in 2008 would also have been useful. They suggest that before 2008, the perinatal mortality rate was low, patient satisfaction was high and recent level 2 accreditation of maternity services by the Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts all suggested standards of care within the obstetric department were adequate. This stream of positive signals is likely to have contributed towards a genuine belief of safe operation within the maternity unit by staff and board members. However, as they acknowledge, the first problem can be seen in 2004. According to the MBI,2 there were SUIs in the years before and after 2008, but this …. (shrink)

I discuss two puzzling and neglected passages in the Critique of Practical Reason, namely, V:92 and V:163. In these passages Kant claims that practical philosophers should follow the paradigm of the chemist and conduct experiments on common human reason. I explain Kant’s conception of the chemical experiment, provide a detailed interpretation of the two passages in question, and conclude by applying the structure of the chemical experiment to the Analytic of the Critique of Practical Reason. Chemical experiments as a model (...) of ethics should be understood as a method of confirming that a philosophical theory systematizes and defends ideas that ordinary rational agents are already committed to. (shrink)

"The condition Buber calls the 'eclipse of God' is the reality that modern life and the teachings of many scholars have in many ways destroyed the opportunity for intimacy with an eternal, ever-present, Thou, or God. Based in part on a series of lectures he gave in the United States in 1951, this book examines Buber's interpretations of Western thinking and belief around this notion of lost intimacy or direct contact with the Divine, focusing particularly on the relationships between religion (...) and philosophy, ethics, and Jungian psychology." -Reference and Research Book News. (shrink)

Martin Sand and Luca Chiapperino find in the concept of serendipity a versatile umbrella term to reassess their previous work on moral luckLuck (also, Epistemic Luck, Moral Luck) and collectiveCollectiveresponsibilityResponsibility. Moral luck supposedly occurs when someone receives praise or blame for things beyond control. Given the ubiquity of luckLuck (also, Epistemic Luck, Moral Luck), this seems to be a seriously disquieting aspect of ordinary morality. The rewards and recognition for serendipitous discoveries fall into exactly this category. That is: more (...) than the intentions, actions, and characters of scientists matters for discoveries to obtain, just as in cases of moral luckLuck (also, Epistemic Luck, Moral Luck) something beyond morality affectsAffect our moral judgments. Even if a theoretical way of resolving the conceptual ambiguities that underlie this debate were found, there remain practical questions of how to perform stratification in science and innovationInnovation in ways that both hinge on, and yet refrain from, considerations of desert and achievement. With the example of Edward Jenner’sJenner, EdwardluckLuck (also, Epistemic Luck, Moral Luck)- and serendipity-infused discoveryDiscovery (also, Scientific Discovery) of vaccination, the authors attempt to better understand the intricate valueValue trade-offs that underlie stratification policies in science, which have to be constantly re-negotiated to maintain their legitimacy. Thereby, Sand and Ciapperino aim to take a bold step towards understanding the ethicsEthics of serendipity. (shrink)

What does it take for an individual to be personally responsible for behaviors that lead to increased risk of disease? We examine three approaches to responsibility that cover the most important aspects of the discussion of responsibility and spell out what it takes, according to each of them, to be responsible for behaviors leading to increased risk of disease. We show that only what we call the causal approach can adequately accommodate widely shared intuitions to the effect that certain causal (...) influences—such as genetic make-up or certain social circumstances—diminish, or undermine personal responsibility. However, accepting the causal approach most likely makes personal responsibility impossible. We therefore need either to reject these widely shared intuitions about what counts as responsibility-softening or undermining or to accept that personal responsibility for behaviors leading to increased risk of disease rests on premises so shaky that personal responsibility is probably impossible. (shrink)

Luck egalitarians need to address the question of cost-responsibility: If an individual is responsible for being worse off than others, then what benefits, if any, is that individual uniquely cost-responsible for? By applying luck egalitarianism to justice in health I discuss different answers to this question inspired by two different interpretations of luck egalitarianism, namely ‘standard luck egalitarianism’ and ‘all luck egalitarianism’, respectively. Even though I argue that the latter is more plausible than the former, I ultimately suggest and defend (...) a third interpretation of luck egalitarianism, which I label ‘universal luck egalitarianism’. Finally, I adjust my findings to a (all things considered) more plausible currency, namely welfare. (shrink)

In this book, Mike W. Martin interprets Schweitzer's 'reverence for life' as an umbrella virtue, drawing together the specific virtues--authenticity, love, compassion, gratitude, justice and peace loving--in individual chapters. Martin's treatment of his subject is sympathetic yet critical, and for the first time clearly places Schweitzer's environmental ethics within the wider framework of his ethical theory.

os artículos de Husserl en la revista japonesa Kaizo contienen muchas claves sugerentes e importantes sobre su filosofía práctica. Su visión de las “formas de vida” humanas y sobre todo su concepción de la “forma de vida ética” muestran su preocupación por el significado de la fenomenología para la vida y para la búsqueda de la responsabilidad. Husserl articula el problema ético sobre la base de su concepción de la “esencia” del ser humano y la lucha o el afán de (...) la vida como lucha por una vida ética pura. (shrink)